The Compendium of Materia Medica states that velvet antlers “produce the essence and nourish the marrow, nourish the blood and benefit the yang, and strengthen the muscles and bones”. ĭeer antler was included in the 2020 Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and its principal actions include warming the kidneys and strengthening yang, nourishing essence and blood, strengthening muscles and bones, regulating the conception vessel and thoroughfare vessel, and neutralizing harmful toxins. The clinical treatments for PMOP principally include bisphosphonates, hormone-replacement therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and parathyroid hormone however, the effects of those treatment methods usually cause obvious side effects. There have been many studies in recent years on the pathogenesis of PMOP, and they have shown that numerous factors are closely related to the pathogenesis of PMOP, including reproductive history, age, dietary exercise, body mass index, and genetics. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of PMOP are particularly important. With the increased aging of the general population, the incidence of PMOP has also escalated annually and seriously affected the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly women, thus greatly raising the overall medical burden to society. PMOP is characterized by a progressive reduction in systemic bone density and trabecular and cortical bone thinning and changes in the microstructure of bone tissue, leading to clinical manifestations such as pain, shortened body length, hunchback, and fractures. Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) refers to a metabolic disease in which the endocrine function of women's ovaries declines after menopause and the levels of estrogen diminish, which in turn causes bone resorption by osteoclasts to exceed bone formation by osteoblasts. These molecules participate in a series of processes such as cellular differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, and inflammation and can ultimately be used to treat PMOP they reflect the overall regulation, network regulation, and protein interactions. These components act on key target genes such as AKT1, IL6, MAPK3, TP53, EGFR, SRC, and TNF and regulate the PI3K/Akt-signaling and MAPK-signaling pathways. The potentially effective components of velvet antler principally include 17 β-E2, adenosine triphosphate, and oestrone. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and micro-CT were used to observe the changes in trabecular bone tissue, further confirming the results of network pharmacological analysis. Furthermore, we used the professional software Maestro 11.1 to verify the predictive analysis based on network pharmacology. We used Cytoscape 3.7.2 software to construct a network diagram of “disease-drug-components-targets” and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network through the STRING database and screened out the core targets the R language was then used to analyze the shared targets between antler and PMOP for GO-enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway-annotation analysis. We also screened the relevant targets of PMOP in the GeneCards and OMIM databases and then compared the targets at the intersection of both velvet antler and PMOP. To screen the effective ingredients and targets of velvet antler in the treatment of PMOP using network pharmacology and to explore the potential mechanisms of velvet antler action in such treatments, we screened the active ingredients and targets of velvet antler in the BATMAN-TCM database. Velvet antler and its preparations have been widely used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) in recent years, although its mechanism of action in the human body remains unclear. Deer velvet antlers are the young horns of male deer that are not ossified and densely overgrown.
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